Communication Arts/Literature (Grades 5–12) Subtest 2

Subarea II. Components of Writing and Research

0011

Apply knowledge of the elements of composition and the writing process.

applying knowledge of strategies for generating and organizing ideas for writing
applying knowledge of strategies for revising text to generate interest and clarify meaning (e.g., varying sentence structure, maintaining parallelism, adding transitions, deleting extraneous information)
applying knowledge of strategies for revising text to correct ineffective shifts in pronoun number and person, misplaced and dangling modifiers, and ineffective shifts in verb voice and mood
applying knowledge of how to use technology, including the Internet, to interact and collaborate with others on writing projects and to produce, publish, and update individual and shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback
applying knowledge of diverse linguistic patterns, prescriptive and descriptive grammars, and academic and nonacademic English and their effective usage
applying knowledge of the elements of style, tone, voice, and diction to use for various writing purposes and audiences
applying knowledge of sentence formation (e.g., simple, compound, complex) and how to vary syntax and sentence patterns to achieve a particular effect
applying knowledge of the function of gerunds, participles, and infinitives in written text
applying knowledge of the active and passive voices; the indicative, imperative, interrogative, conditional, and subjunctive moods; and how to use voice and mood to achieve particular effects (e.g., emphasizing the actor or the action, expressing uncertainty, describing a state contrary to fact)
applying knowledge of the conventions of spelling, capitalization, and punctuation in Standard American English
applying knowledge of proper word usage and grammatical sentence structure, including pronoun case (i.e., subjective, objective, possessive), pronoun-antecedent agreement, and subject-verb agreement

0012

Apply knowledge of strategies for conducting academic research to build and present knowledge.

applying knowledge of strategies for selecting and refining a topic for research and composing specific, open-ended research questions
applying knowledge of strategies for identifying and locating multiple and various sources of information in print, nonprint, and digital resources, including available databases
evaluating the credibility, objectivity, and reliability of information found in print and digital sources
applying knowledge of strategies for gathering and organizing information from sources systematically
applying knowledge of strategies for paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting information from sources appropriately and of integrating a paraphrase, summary, or quotation effectively into a text
applying knowledge of methods of citing and acknowledging sources of information appropriately in a text
applying knowledge of strategies for drawing evidence from literary texts to support analysis, reflection, and research

0013

Apply knowledge of strategies for writing informative and explanatory texts.

applying knowledge of the forms and purposes of informative and explanatory writing
applying knowledge of strategies for selecting and limiting a subject for informative and explanatory writing
applying knowledge of strategies for formulating a specific question to address through informative or explanatory writing and for developing a thesis statement that provides a focus for writing
applying knowledge of strategies for selecting effective organizational approaches to use in informative and explanatory writing
applying knowledge of strategies for developing an introduction to an informative or explanatory text that draws readers' attention, specifies a topic, and provides a thesis
applying knowledge of strategies for selecting effective and appropriate supporting details to logically develop a central idea or theme in an informative or explanatory text
applying knowledge of strategies for developing a conclusion to an informative or explanatory text that provides a summary or resolution, suggests a course of action, or offers a personal commentary
applying knowledge of strategies for using technology to link to and display information flexibly and dynamically and to update writing in response to new information

0014

Apply knowledge of strategies for writing arguments.

applying knowledge of how to establish a clear position or controlling idea in a written argument
applying knowledge of how to introduce claims and distinguish the claims from alternative or opposing claims in a written argument
applying knowledge of strategies for supporting claims with logical reasoning and relevant evidence, using accurate, credible sources in a written argument
applying knowledge of strategies for organizing reasons and evidence logically by using words, phrases, and clauses to create cohesion and clarify relationships between claims, counterclaims, reasons, and evidence in a written argument
applying knowledge of strategies for anticipating questions, concerns, and counterarguments and for incorporating effective responses to them into a written argument
applying knowledge of strategies for establishing and maintaining effective style, tone, voice, and diction for a written argument
applying knowledge of strategies for developing conclusions that follow from and support presented arguments

0015

Apply knowledge of strategies for writing narratives.

applying knowledge of strategies for engaging and orienting the reader by setting out a problem, situation, or observation and its significance; establishing point(s) of view; and introducing a narrator and/or characters
applying knowledge of strategies for sequencing experiences and events in a narrative so they build on one another to create a coherent whole and build toward a particular tone and outcome (e.g., a sense of mystery, suspense, growth, or resolution)
applying knowledge of strategies for using literary and narrative techniques (e.g., dialogue, pacing, rhythm, repetition, rhyme, description, reflection, multiple plot lines) to develop experiences, events, and characters
applying knowledge of strategies for precise language, telling details, and figurative and sensory language to convey a vivid picture of experiences, events, setting, and characters
applying knowledge of strategies for composing a conclusion that follows from and reflects on what is experienced, observed, or resolved over the course of a narrative or other creative text
applying knowledge of strategies for using student writing as a vehicle for communicating student voice and building social capital

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